Accurate Statistical Model of Radiation Patterns in Analog Beamforming Including Random Error, Quantization Error, and Mutual Coupling

Analog beamforming technology is being used to overcome various technical drawbacks of mm-wave wireless communications systems. However, the errors caused by circuit implementations, quantized control, and imperfect isolation between antenna elements result in radiation pattern (RP) distortion performance deterioration. In particular, quantization error mutual coupling cause active reflection coefficient (ARC) each element vary with respect main beam direction, resulting statistical behavior changes depending on steering angles. this article, we derive RPs all those dominant taken into account. The analysis reveals that Beckmann distribution offers exact solution for cumulative sidelobe level (SLL), which very consistent a Monte Carlo simulation including ARC. addition, Rician reflecting three exhibits overall good accuracy, inherent deviation from results at certain angles due approximation uncorrelated identical variances are not valid real arrays. Our also indicates that, define maximum probability exceeding SLL, variance correlation should be considered along mean RPs.